Lacan ha approfondito il concetto di desiderio come elemento costitutivo della persona umana, distinguendola dall'animale. Ha sottolineato che spegnere il desiderio porta a problemi sociali e che il desiderio umano ha un carattere relazionale con gli oggetti materiali, la cui insoddisfazione può generare frustrazione.
Nel suo approccio psicoanalitico, Lacan ha evidenziato la divisione del soggetto nella relazione con la realtà, che viene mediata da un codice simbolico. Il soggetto ricerca felicità, spesso desiderando essere qualcun altro, utilizzando il consumo come risposta all'ansia, come nel caso del comportamento di "panic buying" durante la pandemia Covid-19.
Un concetto centrale è quello della jouissance (godimento), una forma di piacere e dolore che va oltre la semplice soddisfazione e che Lacan collega alla ripetizione e ai meccanismi inconsci di Freudian. La jouissance può sfuggire al controllo del processo simbolico.
Lacan propone inoltre una forte critica e rielaborazione del ritorno a Freud, integrando discipline come la linguistica e la logica per elaborare il concetto di soggetto inconscio come "significante che rappresenta un altro significante".
Ecco alcune citazioni note di Jacques Lacan, tratte da vari suoi insegnamenti e testi:
«Il desiderio è la differenza tra il bisogno e la domanda di amore.»
«L'inconscio è strutturato come un linguaggio.»
«Non si guarisce mai dal proprio passato.»
«Il soggetto è ciò che la parola fa a un corpo.»
«La funzione del padre è di introdurre il soggetto nella legge del desiderio.»
Differenze tra il desiderio di Lacan e altri approcci psicoanalitici
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Lacan and the Concept of Desire
Lacan deepened the concept of desire as a constitutive element of the human person, distinguishing it from animals. He emphasized that extinguishing desire leads to social problems and that human desire has a relational character with material objects, the dissatisfaction of which can generate frustration.
In his psychoanalytic approach, Lacan highlighted the division of the subject in the relationship with reality, which is mediated by a symbolic code. The subject seeks happiness, often desiring to be someone else, using consumption as a response to anxiety, as in the case of "panic buying" during the Covid-19 pandemic.
A central concept is that of jouissance (enjoyment), a form of pleasure and pain that goes beyond simple satisfaction and which Lacan links to repetition and Freudian unconscious mechanisms. Jouissance can escape the control of the symbolic process.
Lacan also proposes a strong critique and re-elaboration of the return to Freud, integrating disciplines such as linguistics and logic to elaborate the concept of the unconscious subject as a "signifier that represents another signifier."
Here are some famous quotes by Jacques Lacan, taken from various of his teachings and texts:
"Desire is the difference between need and the demand for love."
"The unconscious is structured like a language."
"One never gets over one's past."
"The subject is what the word does to a body."
"The function of the father is to introduce the subject into the law of desire."
Differences Between Lacan's Desire and Other Psychoanalytic Approaches
The main differences between desire according to Lacan and other psychoanalytic approaches lie in the structural, symbolic, and relational nature of desire in his theory:
For Lacan, desire is not simply a biological need or drive, nor is it a simple demand for love. Instead, it is a fundamental structure of the subject that emerges in relation to the Other (the symbolic Other, the linguistic and cultural community). Desire is therefore always the desire of the Other, meaning the subject desires what the Other desires or represents. This makes it an alienated and always dissatisfied phenomenon, characterized by a structural lack that pushes the subject to ceaselessly seek what eludes them.
In contrast, more classical psychoanalytic approaches (like the Freudian one) may view desire more often as an expression of biological drives or as a response to unconscious needs, based on theories of libido, instincts, and intrapsychic conflicts more directly linked to instinct and childhood.
Lacan also places desire within the symbolic order: it is mediated by language, the law, and the symbolic paternal function ("Name-of-the-Father") that structures desire within cultural and social norms. Other approaches may instead focus more on individual or biological aspects without this central linguistic-symbolic mediation.
A key Lacanian concept linked to desire is jouissance, an enjoyment that transcends simple pleasure and can be painful or traumatic, a dimension less emphasized in other models.
In summary, Lacan redefines desire as a phenomenon structurally inseparable from language and the symbolic dimension, emphasizing lack, the Other, and continuous dissatisfaction, thus differentiating it from more classic biological or drive-based approaches.
Sources
The main works of Jacques Lacan from which the information on his key concepts like desire, law, the unconscious, and jouissance are derived are essentially his most well-known lectures and writings, including:
"Écrits" (1966): a fundamental collection of texts written by Lacan, in which he explains the basic concepts of his theory, including desire, the symbolic, the unconscious structured like a language, and the symbolic paternal function.
Seminars of Jacques Lacan (approx. 1953-1980): collections of conferences and courses held by Lacan, very important for understanding the development of his psychoanalytic theory, where he delves into desire, jouissance, the symbolic law, and the subject in detail.
Specific texts like "The Seminar, Book XI: The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis" (1964), where he develops notions such as desire and the role of the law.
The information on desire and the law is drawn from these elaborations in which Lacan reworks Freud with a linguistic and symbolic approach, also integrating ideas such as the "Objet petit a" and the function of the "Name-of-the-Father."
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